Theory X and Theory Y: Douglas McGregor’s Take on Human Motivation [Guru Advice #008]

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Douglas McGregor challenged the standard view of employees by suggesting two contrasting mindsets that managers can hold: Theory X and Theory Y.

Theory X assumes that people dislike work, avoid responsibility, and must be coaxed or pushed to perform. This leads to a top-down style, where leaders impose rules and detailed oversight. McGregor believed this approach can create a cycle of disengagement, with employees feeling controlled and untrustworthy.

Theory Y, on the other hand, sees people as naturally inclined to be committed and creative when given the right conditions. In this framework, managers enable teams to take on greater responsibility, expecting that most workers want to grow and excel. McGregor argued that Theory Y encourages leaders to provide autonomy, clear goals, and consistent support, rather than micromanagement. This often results in a more open, self-directed workforce.